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Coprinellus impatiens
''Coprinellus impatiens'' is a species of fungus in the Psathyrellaceae family. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera ''Psathyrella'', ''Pseudocoprinus'', ''Coprinarius'', and ''Coprinus'', before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a ''Coprinellus'' species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to tall. Several other ''Coprinopsis'' species that resemble ''C. impatiens'' may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
The species was first described in 1821 as ''Agaricus impatiens'' by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his ''Systema Mycologicum''.〔 In 1886, Lucien Quélet transferred the species to ''Coprinarius''〔 (a defunct genus now synonymous with ''Panaeolus''〔) and then to ''Coprinus'' a couple of years later in his ''Flore Mycologique de la France''.〔 In 1936, Robert Kühner segregated the genus ''Pseudocoprinus'' from ''Coprinus'', including species that did not have deliquescent gills (that is, gills that "melt" into liquid), and he included ''Coprinus impatiens'' in this generic transfer. He later changed his mind about the taxonomic separation of ''Coprinus'' and ''Pseudocoprinus''.〔 Gillet transferred the species to ''Psathyrella'' in 1936.〔 In 1938 Jakob Emanuel Lange published the new combination ''Coprinellus impatiens''.〔 Despite the taxonomic shuffling, the species was popularly known as ''Coprinus impatiens'' until 2001, when a large-scale phylogenetic analysis resulted in the splitting of the genus ''Coprinus'' into several smaller genera, and the authors confirmed the validity of the generic placement in ''Coprinellus''.〔 The specific epithet ''impatiens'' is derived from the Latin word for "impatient".〔
A 2005 phylogenetics study proposed that ''C. impatiens'' was sister (closely related on the phylogenetic tree) to a large ''Psathyrella'' clade, and that consequently, the genus ''Coprinellus'' was polyphyletic.〔 A later (2008) study suggested, however, that these results were due to an artifact of taxon sampling—not enough species were analyzed to adequately represent the genetic variation in the genera. The 2008 study demonstrated that ''Coprinellus'', including ''C. impatiens'', was monophyletic, descended from a common ancestor. In their analysis, ''C. impatiens'' was most closely related to ''C. congregatus'', ''C. bisporus'', ''C. callinus'', and ''C. heterosetulosus''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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